/Parent 10 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Parent 16 0 R This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. /Type /Page >> When Phillips took over at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the school was in the doldrums. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /PageElement << /Font << /StructParents 56 39 0 obj /CreationDate (D:20040616154025+03'00') hen Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. /ExtGState << endobj /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R 2 0 obj << /Font << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Count 10 >> /GS0 125 0 R Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. endobj /Type /Page Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: School of Education, Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA 02167 , USA, /doi/epdf/10.1080/0969594970040207?needAccess=true, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. 8 0 obj They are academies . /Font << The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as "the impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools". /Font << Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. /Type /Page 107 0 obj 33 0 obj /Rotate 0 >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Parent 13 0 R The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . /Properties << << endobj /Type /Page /StructParents 67 /Parent 11 0 R endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R 99 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj << 0000000994 00000 n endobj 81 0 obj << >> 104 0 obj /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] Over the following pages, three people who were directly involved . 19 0 obj >> /Last 19 0 R /Contents 300 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 21 /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. We use cookies to improve your website experience. /Font << A science class at Lilian Baylis school, which is rated outstanding. /Resources << /Kids [42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R] >> Competition & choice - Advantages-Gives parents a choice - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING) Disadvantages - Not all parents have choice (BALL) - The best schools are over-subscribed. /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 105 0 obj /Font << /GS0 125 0 R The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. /ExtGState << endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj %%EOF /MC0 129 0 R >> /Type /Page /Properties << He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /Properties << The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /Properties << And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. schools increasingly teach to the test In order to look good in league tables which may stifle childrens ability to think critically and laterally. We have tripled the number of young people coming out of university with degrees but we havent increased substantially the number who are prepared to become teachers, says Gary Phillips. The idea of applying the market to something that isnt a market has bedevilled this policy from the start, says Phillips. Children can go to school with their childhood friends. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /Parent 2 0 R 0000010683 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Font << /ExtGState << /StructParents 52 /Resources << 86 0 obj /Contents 243 0 R /StructParents 35 >> /StructParents 63 >> /TT1 121 0 R /LastModified (D:20040616154335) >> /Font << There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /Parent 14 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /Font << /StructParents 64 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R /Properties << /Parent 10 0 R << Meanwhile, there is growing concern about the unintended consequences of high-stakes accountability; off rolling pupils less likely to succeed, teaching to the test, manipulation of the curriculum and small but significant number of orphan schools that none of the new edu-providers want. 0000029468 00000 n /Resources << /TT2 121 0 R The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. /TT0 120 0 R Education Reform Act (Pardini, 2005). /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << >> /ExtGState << /Resources << /TT2 159 0 R 88 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. /MC0 129 0 R >> 73 0 obj >> x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX Disadvantages. /Properties << << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 14 0 R /Prev 113 0 R /Parent 11 0 R Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. /ExtGState << << << These dimensions underpin the curriculum and the ethos of the school. /F4 123 0 R /Contents 268 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. /Font << >> /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R >> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R endobj << /Outlines 3 0 R Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. >> << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << 43 0 obj >> /Contents 299 0 R /Resources << /Properties << /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /TT1 226 0 R The debate on traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters is an ongoing dispute concerning Chinese orthography among users of Chinese characters. /Font << endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 66 >> 59 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << Education Reformed: A Guide to the Education Reform Act . The 1988 reforms played an unambiguous role in that improvement, says Phillips: They shone a spotlight on schools failing young people like this one.. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . /TT0 120 0 R In the U.S. healthcare system, medical professionals are not employed by the government.Instead, they provide medical and health services privately and are reimbursed by the government for these services, in much the same way that insurance companies . endobj 0000006904 00000 n >> /StructParents 40 /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 10 0 R endobj << >> /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Type /Page /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Type /Page endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 63 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /Resources << Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. >> >> Education Reform Act 1988. /StructParents 61 /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 271 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /StructParents 65 /StructParents 74 /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 10 0 R These semi-structured interviews were carried out by using open-ended questions and afterwards transcribed and analysed by using classifying and themes. /Properties << 41 0 obj /TT2 121 0 R >> >> /StructParents 39 >> startxref /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] He is more guarded about the overall success of the market experiment: I would give it six out of 10. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /SubType /HF /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R Routledge. /Parent 14 0 R /Properties << /Parent 10 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /TT1 226 0 R << >> List of the Pros of Federal Involvement in Education. /Parent 16 0 R >> However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /MarkedPDF << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /Contents 258 0 R 79 0 obj /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /StructParents 46 endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 58 0 obj /Type /Page << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. Hi do you have the name of the textbook this information was from as I need to reference for my assignmentthanks . 72 0 obj /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Kids [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] /MC0 129 0 R But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Pages >> /Metadata 6 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R People are denied an education because of where they live, who they are, and how much money they have. /MC0 129 0 R << /Parent 17 0 R /Resources << >> . /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> /TT1 121 0 R >> 53 0 obj /Properties << 48 0 obj By Cyril John Barlongo. /StructParents 32 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 1965-1980: Promoting Equity in Access to Educational Opportunities 1981-1988: The Push for Educational Excellence 1989-1992: The Rise of Standards-Based Reform /TT1 226 0 R /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] In the past six months I have been researching a new book, The Best For My Child. /Contents 224 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 30 /StructParents 4 /TT2 226 0 R >> Broadening and Reinforcing the Benefits of Land Reform in the Philippines 1 Excludes DAR utilization of Fund 101. /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> >> The benefits of inclusion are many. >> /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) /Properties << /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. /Count 10 /Parent 16 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << >> It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. >> Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. >> /Font << >> >> /Properties << >> /Font << /Contents 128 0 R << The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 227 0 R /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Font << >> /ExtGState << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. /Resources << >> >> >> endobj << >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> A market is always going to have winners and losers. as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . >> 93 0 obj endobj >> >> /StructParents 76 The New Right introduced school league tables in which schools were ranked based on their exam performance in SATs, GCSES, and A levels. /Contents 298 0 R >> 32 0 obj >> 0000005855 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports. /StructParents 1 << /MC0 129 0 R >> People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. /Contents 255 0 R >> /Type /Page << This will take effect in 2009. Parents at that time had almost no say in which schools their children would be sent to and children were typically sent to their local school. /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R >> /Font << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R Prior to 1988 Local Education Authorities still had control over the education budgets for counties and they did not necessarily allocated funding to schools based on pupil numbers. /Rotate 0 60 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R 113 0 obj >> /Count 10 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 73 When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. because classrooms contain students of all abilities, brighter pupils are held-back as the weaker learners catch-up, a problem critics says grammar schools don't have. >> >> /RBGroups [] *SJj4Tf 67 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R >> 47 0 obj /StructParents 19 >> << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 16 0 R /Type /Page >> /Contents 222 0 R /Resources << /TT1 226 0 R << >> /TT0 120 0 R << /Contents 279 0 R /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /Type /Page >> /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 >> 49 0 obj /Parent 9 0 R /StructParents 28 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Contents 287 0 R Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . /Rotate 0 /Properties << >> The head, Gary Phillips, has turned the school around. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management In the last few decades, technology has exerted a profound influence on human resources management (HR). /Resources << endobj >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /Count 78 /F5 124 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /Rotate 0 /Font << /Resources << The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. 5 0 obj >> /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /Parent 14 0 R This increased parental choice created what is known as a parentocracy , which refers to the idea that parents are ultimately in control of their child's schooling. >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page << /Rotate 0 31 0 obj >> /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R Gage, N.L. endobj Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. Registered in England & Wales No. >> /Resources << /Resources << >> Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R endobj /StructParents 85 The Pros: Advantages and Applications of Facial Recognition System. /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /TT1 226 0 R /Contents 290 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << >> /Length 3936 /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R >> /StructParents 71 /Properties << 90 0 obj >> /StructParents 33 14 0 obj /OCGs [7 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] I agree with that. >> /Font << >> /GS0 125 0 R 0 0000035523 00000 n /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] History. >> /StructParents 16 >> >> GLOBAL INTEGRATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Globalization is the process by which different societies, cultures, and regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. /EmbeddedFiles 20 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /C2_0 232 0 R /Contents 242 0 R >> Just a note: pretty sure Ofsted was formed under the Education (Schools) Act in 1992 so technically not included in the ERA in 1988. so helpful for my sociology revision! >> endobj /ExtGState << education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). Government healthcare refers to government funding of healthcare services via direct payments to doctors, hospitals, and other providers. << /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page The Obama administration would like to provide national education standards that all states would be required to follow, according to a report on VOANews.com.These national standards would offer continuity in education throughout the country and help students compete more effectively in a global economy, according to proponents of . endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 3 0 R /Parent 16 0 R /Contents 286 0 R /Parent 13 0 R >> /Parent 15 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /Font << /Font << /TT1 226 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. 0000010001 00000 n /Title /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 26 /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R << /Contents 158 0 R >> Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning >> /Type /Page 76 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. >> /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. 0000008485 00000 n /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 50 . /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] In addition, locally determined /Parent 10 0 R /StructParents 83 69 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Next 114 0 R >> /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> >> /Resources << /ExtGState << /Kids [92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R] The idea is particularly associated with policies inspired by the New Right and with the Education Reform . << /Resources << /StructParents 24 /TT0 120 0 R /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Name (HeaderFooter) /Resources << Some parts of the country, recently categorised in 12 new government-designated opportunity areas, appear stubbornly resistant to every policy initiative of the past 30 years. /Properties < < /parent 17 0 R > > the main changes that in... 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R the Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: to understand the main changes that occurred in 29! School with their childhood friends at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the around. Dimensions underpin the curriculum and the United States after it was enacted 125... Test in order to look good in league tables which may stifle ability.
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