. Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. External Factors. The results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient test indicated that there was no significant relationship between professional values and age (r = 0.03, p = 0.47), while there was a significant relationship between professional values and the GPA (r = 0.29, p = 0.003).This revealed that the students with higher GPA had higher scores in professional values. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. Background Spirituality plays an important role during old age, but reveals itself as a confounding mental health concept, which needs to be defined when providing spiritual care. Elderly parents are dependent on adult children and grandchildren. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish the political culture and values of the government from the culture and values of the Iranian people. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. I believe I have sinned, and it is my punishment. Being a collectivist society, people in Iran show very strong loyalty to their family. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. Mexicans are very Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Jul 2018. According to the scripture, there should be a partition (hijab) between men and women that are not related (non-mahram). I should make myself a better person. Iran, officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a population of more than 84 million.It is an arid and mountainous country between Iraq and Afganistan with shores on the Persian and Caspian Sea. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. Iranian Sunni citizens are primarily concentrated in the provinces of Golestn, Kurdistan, and Sistan-Baluchestan. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. The informants had various types of cancer; their stage of cancer varied from the earliest to palliative care and survivors. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. "Cultural family values" emerged as a facilitator for child marriage. Persian, Kurd, Balochi, Arab, Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing . 2 COMMUNICATION Greetings Hello Salaam Goodbye Khoda hafez . Traditions, cultural values, attitudes and behaviors help in children's rearing in the society and relays the family structure from generation to generation [ 7 ]. Therefore, if Iranians go out with their girlfriend or boyfriend in public, they run the risk of being berated, reported on or even detained. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. perceived barriers to health. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. We can explain this point by refereeing to the absence of the phenomenon of the Church in its Christian sense in Islam. Italy is a country located in the south of Europe. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. Thus, turning to religion in coping is primarily a matter of the prominence of religion in the individuals culture of socialisation. When religion is a major and integral part of the orientation system, the role it plays in coping is more important. Most Iranians seem to be unified across ethnic divides. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. One of the methods in this category is Benevolent Religious Reappraisal: using religion to redefine the stressor as benevolent and potentially beneficial. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . As Khoshkjan (Citation2016) suggested, belief in the intercession of Imams is one of the most important principles for Shia Muslims. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. I had learned this devotional habit in my childhood. Seeking Support from Clergy or Congregation Members refers to a search for comfort and reassurance through the love and care of these individuals. The perceived role of God in illness and recovery is a primary influence upon the health care beliefs and behaviors of American Muslims, a first-of-its-kind study has discovered. period allows for non-family members to visit and offer their condolences. It is a kind of charity, helping people in need. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. Dec 15, 2012. Im not dependent on anything or anybody. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. The participants confirmed large cultural differences in doctor-patient communication when encountering Iranian and Swedish patients. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. Iranian Culture 12 Traditions and Customs Only Iranians Will Understand Posted on 28 July 2019 As in any other country, Iran is ripe with quirks and eccentricities. (p. 12). Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). (35-year-old female). Underground, people behave the way they truly believe, often relaxing their moral codes of behaviour. A critical literature review, Public mental health promotion, meaning-making and existential meaning: Challenges for person-centered care of refugees in a secular, pluralistic context, Religious involvement and subjective well-being, Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation, Why me? Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. It is the same with the saints and Imams. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. We found two patterns. Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. The government also provides donors with free health insurance, and the patients sometimes give an additional donation to donors. To avoid it (or in case they feel as though they've already been jinxed), they will burn espand, wild rue seeds, until they pop and wave the smoke over the heads of their loved ones. It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. All research groups checked all interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. After the coding process was complete, we established the fundamental characteristics of the methods the informants employed to cope with their cancer disease. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The dynamics of relationships are significantly shaped by the reality of which activities Iranians feel safe doing in public. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. Montazeri et al. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Meat (usually lamb, goat, or chicken) is used as a condiment rather than as the centerpiece of a meal. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. Im not in charge, but only God. If something happens to us we must act and try to affect our life; not see everything as Gods Will. Relation of existential meaning-making domains. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. The interview guide was primarily based on the questions used in the Swedish study (Ahmadi, Citation2015); however, some cultural considerations were applied during production of the final protocol. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. Education is greatly valued in Iranian culture and so people often seek to have at least a basic understanding of a broad range of topics. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The concept of savab is based on a rational calculation of means and aims an attempt to find the best solution to a serious problem. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. Social mobility is possible, but it can be quite difficult for Iranians to separate themselves from their familys reputation in the eyes of their peers. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. God tells us if you act, I will support you. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. In addition to family values and habits, some external factors can have a significant impact on people's cultural preferences. The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. When discussing religious coping, it is vital to consider circumstances in which religion and coping are interlaced. According to Majlesi (Citation1982) (a very important religious figure in Iran) (p. 209), the reward (savab) of pilgrimage of Imam Rezas tomb in Mashhad (Iran) is equal to one thousand hajes- pilgrim to Macca. And this is the way he wants to remind me. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. (Bhardwaj, Citation1998, p. 72). The way this is done will depend on the individual Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). This mindset manifests in health beliefs and behaviors in significant ways. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . Different. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. Furthermore, men are considered legally and financially responsible for supporting the women of their family. FAMILY VALUES Many Iranian immigrants in New Zealand are more westernized and secularized My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. The several religious coping methods found in the present study are categorised on the basis of RCOPEs five basic religious functions. According to experts, conceptualized susceptibility can accurately be compared to one's own risk of an illness or health issue developing later in life. 6. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. Because beliefs, customs, and practices related to health care may differ across societ-ies and cultural groups, responses to high-stress nursing As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. First, we will explain our view of the relation between culture, religion and coping. Article. 5. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. I never go to Mosques but too other holy places since they are sources of comfort for me. Debase, Cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs and practices can impact on: health behaviours health outcomes use of and access to healthcare services beliefs, rites and rituals around. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. Several Iranian dishes originated from the Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Russians. This being the case, we can understand why our informants have used visiting pilgrims as a method of coping with their illness. The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. This high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. Another coping method in this category is Punishing God Reappraisal. Whilst there are a broad range of opinions and beliefs within the Iranian community, a sense of national belonging is strong and great pride is found in the national character. Some citizens are challenging the government through acts of civil resistance (knowingly breaking the law) because the restrictions are much more authoritarian and paternalistic than what many Iranians desire and believe is true to Islam. According to Cuesta and Yousefian (Citation2015): Although compliments might be seen as face-flattering acts, in Islamic societies it is believed that they could attract the evil ey. It also helps for the child to see how he specifically contributes to the family. Even though Iranians may consider some of these cultural customs ordinary and mundane, they are sure to raise a foreign eyebrow or two. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. Such habitual practices are not straightforwardly religious, but emerge from a powerful amalgamation of religious superstitions and ancient cultural beliefs. Ziyarat is, however, not merely a way of reaching God to ask for help. Culture, a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, is shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality, among other factors. 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. I told the nurse to bring me a Quran. In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. I always went to pilgrims when I was under chemotherapy. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. Results of data analysis show the importance of using protective expressions when complimenting in Persian and Arabic. A catharsis is an emotional release linked to the urgent need to resolve unconscious conflicts through means other than directly venting the feelings associated with these conflicts.Footnote4. We find two patterns regarding such connectedness. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities - such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians - has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. It is a symbol of love. Our . Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. Many Iranians have misgivings about the politicisation of Islam. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. The country faces the common problem of other young . They're informed by the cultures we most associate ourselves with. This means women commonly get passed over for jobs, earn less and receive lower allowances as it is expected that their male family member will support them. The study highlights the importance of investigating cultural and social context when exploring the use of the meaning-making coping strategies in different countries. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. He was married to a Persian princess. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. It is also considered quite prestigious to be able to trace ones heritage back for centuries. If faced with criticism, Iranians are likely to deny any fault in order to avoid dishonour. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. In A Minor Leap Down, filmmaker Rajabi addresses the over-prescription of psychotropic medication in Iran, explaining: Depression signifies that a part of our lives hurtand taking pills wont solve anything until we distinguish which part of our life is causing the problem.. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. According to Aflakseir and Coleman (Citation2011): The Quran emphasises clearly that the difficulties in this world are to test the believer and also asking people to have patience in facing their problems. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. As an example, the idea of Schildkrout can be taken who notes that the tradition to decorate the body in various ways has a global trend, and this practice has been adopted for many centuries (79 . View. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. 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View of the overall Iranian student body in 2012 the individuals culture of socialisation an international study on meaning-making aimed!: I feel extreme closeness to God living underground often relaxing their moral codes of behaviour furthermore, men considered!
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