The earthquake that Tokyo experienced at two minutes to noon on September 1, 1923, however, resulted in unprecedented disaster-related death and destruction for Japan. The quake's magnitude is estimated at 7.9 to 8.2 on the Richter scale, and its epicenter was in the shallow waters of Sagami Bay, about 25 miles south of Tokyo. Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. "Voices of vulnerability and resilience: children and their recollections in post-earthquake Tokyo. He suggested, moreover, that the urban districts that housed Tokyos pleasure quarters and commercial enterprisesareas which he concluded were covered with the dust called sin in which extravagance, merrymaking, vanity, luxury, and desire dominatedreceived the brunt of Gods wrath.16 Rather than curse God, however, Okutani suggested that God had done Japan a favor: he pointed out the weaknesses in, if not failings of, Japanese society and provided a unique opportunity to pull together and rebuild the capital as well as reconstruct the popular mind.17 To Okutani and others, such as social welfare activist and Christian socialist Abe Is and economist Fukuda Tokuz, the earthquake was, if interpreted and used correctly, a blessing, a golden, once-in-a-generation opportunity. Go Nagai's manga Violence Jack is set in a scenario in which a gigantic earthquake called 'The Great Kanto Hellquake', reminiscent of the 1923 earthquake, devastates Tokyo and severs the Kanto region from the rest of Japan, as well as cutting it off from the outside world. Here and there a remnant of a building, a few shattered walls, stood up like rocks above the expanse of flame, unrecognizable.It was as if the very earth were now burning. e0$XS-3\q/|iBIPAl*kEc1:~t.-m-6Z.9R,z%.G4i`[UZZ{OyI H|+ #vYJL R At such a time, God cracked down a great hammer for the sake of our race, waking us up from idleness, urging us to reflect upon our past deeds. Szczepanski, Kallie. One hundred and thirty separate fires began in Tokyo less than an hour after the quake, with many clustered in the densely populated eastern and northeastern wards of Asakusa, Nihonbashi, Kanda, Kybashi, Fukagawa, and Ginza. Of the 3,000 Koreans taken into custody at the Army Cavalry Regiment base in Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, 10% were killed at the base, or after being released into nearby villages. Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the plot takes place in a way station for those who have just died. People walk in the devastated area of Yuoguku in Tokyo, Japan, after the earthquake that struck on Sept. 1, 1923. On 1 September 1923 Tokyo's vulnerabilities were exposed unambiguously. Image of Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan, after the September 1, 1923 earthquake. As any visitor to Japan knows, this nation is no stranger to devastating earthquakes. Yonemuras bulletins helped to galvanize an international relief effort, led by the United States, that saved thousands from near-certain death or prolonged misery. Messervey, letter dated March 5, 1924. Moreover, the earthquake caused nearly 6.5 billion yen of damage, a remarkable figure roughly four times larger than Japans national budget for 1922. As early as mid-afternoon on September 1, the day of the quake, reports, and rumors started that the Koreans had set the disastrous fires, were poisoning wells, looting ruined homes, and planning to overthrow the government. [30][31][32], In controlled small-scale experiments, fire whirls are found to transition to a mode of combustion called blue whirls. In the weeks after the calamity, direct relief and recovery initiatives gave way to two other important phenomena that invariably accompany major natural disasters: interpretation and opportunism. Violence ensued. A false rumor was spread that Koreans were taking advantage of the disaster, committing arson and robbery, and were in possession of bombs. Although Goun was a Kyoto artist, his scenesseem to be based on first-handobservation. A total of about140,000 people perished in the disaster. [11] 8-2earthquake-kanto.jpg 329 315; 73 KB. Facilities built by private corporations and the municipal government together housed just under 20,000 total.12 By the early autumn of 1923, Tokyo had become a city of barracks, temporary shelters, and makeshift communities, though it remained to virtually everyone an urban space still defined by destruction. The shock generated a tsunami that reached a height of 39.5 feet (12 metres) at Atami on Sagami Gulf, where it destroyed 155 houses and killed 60 people. Stunned survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and firestorm looked for an explanation or a scapegoat, and the target of their fury was the ethnic Koreans living in their midst. My grandfather said he lived on his wits for 3-4 days before managing to get aboard a ship headed for Canada. Every year on the same date, drills and other activities are held across . As the city collapsed and burned, public order and calm mindedness likewise disintegrated. A tsunami with waves up to 10m (33ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bs Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. Earthquake preparation literature in modern Japan almost always directs citizens to carry a portable radio and use it to listen to reliable information, and not to be misled by rumors in the event of a large earthquake. Inoue Junnosukes reflections in Tokyo Shisei Chsakai ed. It was the deadliest earthquake in Japanese history. The 7.9 magnitude earthquake, centered just over forty miles south-southwest of Japan's capital, released energy equivalent to the detonation of nearly 400 Hiroshima-size atomic bombs. As a result, many expressed reservations, if not clear antipathy, to plans both in public and on the floor of Japans elected assembly, the Diet. Walking through the once vibrant, now blackened and broken remains of Japans capital, Miura concluded in no uncertain terms that the recent disaster that struck Japan was a moment of apocalyptic revelation. Like the 1923 quake, this one unleashed secondary disasters: a tsunami that washed away dozens of villages; mudslides; fires; and damage to the Fukushima Daiichi reactors that emitted radiation into the atmosphere (and constituted the worst nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986). A view of the devastation in Tokyo after the 1923 earthquake and fire, seen from the top of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. The phenomenon was first verified in the 2003 Canberra bushfires and has since been verified in the 2018 Carr Fire in California and 2020 Loyalton Fire in California and Nevada. Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kant earthquakewhich happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. Canberra 2003 groundtrack, lee side spread, weather. More than half of the brick buildings and one-tenth of the reinforced concrete structures in the region collapsed. Because the earthquake struck when people were cooking meals, many were killed as a result of large fires that broke out. More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kant Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. [22] Some fires developed into firestorms[23][24][25] that swept across cities. The jolt struck at 11:58 am, when many residents were cooking their lunches over open fires. Fire and tremors together claimed 90% of the homes in Yokohama and left 60% of Tokyo's people homeless. Over the long term, resistance, resilience, and calls for a return to normalcy often define reconstruction. Henry W. Kinney, an editor forTrans-Pacific Magazinewho worked out of Tokyo, was in Yokohama when the disaster struck. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Benio barely survives when the Christian church she's getting married in collapses, and then she finds her long-lost love Shinobu whose other love interest Larissa is among the victims; they get back together, and Tousei allows them to. I enclose also a photo of the ruins of the Grand Hotel at Yokohama where I stopped last year. J.H. [46], Amidst the mob violence against Koreans in the Kant Region, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. Detail, Scenes of the 1923 Earthquake; F1975.12. This article examines how the people of Japan responded to the Great Kant Earthquake of 1923, the worst natural disaster to strike this island nation in recorded history. Then there was Taki Yonemura, chief engineer of the government wireless station in Iwaki, a small town 152 miles northeast of Tokyo. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rockedJapanon Sept. 1, 1923. Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. A 60- by 60-mile segment of the Philippine oceanic plate ruptured and thrust itself against the Eurasian continental plate, releasing a massive burst of tectonic energy. 1923 Kanto earthquake intensity.png 512 512; 38 KB. In the wood-built cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, upended cooking fires and broken gas mains set off firestorms that raced through homes and offices. In the autumn of 1923, educator Miura Tsaku toured the remains of a thoroughly destroyed city: Tokyo. [55], Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kant earthquake in the film.[56]. Fire whirls can be common within the vicinity of a plume during a volcanic eruption. For a full list of goods that fell under this new law, see Takenobu Yoshitar, ed.. Takashima Heizabur, Hensai o kikai ni [The disaster as opportunity]. Roving bands of Japanese prowled the ruins of Yokohama and Tokyo, setting up makeshift roadblocks and massacring Koreans across the earthquake zone. The numerous fires and cloudy well water, a little-known effect of a large quake, all seemed to confirm the rumors of the panic-stricken survivors who were living amidst the rubble. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Gots initial plan to purchase all of the burnt out areas of Tokyo at a cost of just over 4 billion yen was rejected out of hand by his fellow cabinet ministers as too grandiose, let alone too expensive. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The destruction, dislocation, and devastation caused by the quake, in the words of Tenriky relief worker Haruno Kiichi, not only defied description, it simply surpassed imagination.2. Okutani Fumitomo, Kant no daisaiga wa ikanaru shini ka, 13. The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Quoted in Nose Yoritoshi, Fukk seishin nahen ni ariya [Whereabouts is the spiritual restoration? The cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, and surrounding towns and villages, have been largely if not completely destroyed by earthquake, fire and flood, with a resultant appalling loss of life and destitution and distress, requiring measures of urgent relief. The American Red Cross, of which Coolidge was the titular head, initiated a national relief drive, raising $12 million for victims. "The Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan, 1923." The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.[26]. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll. A violent fire-tornado has broken out at the former site of the Army Clothing Depot in combustion caused by the destructions of the Great Kanto Earthquake at 3.30 p.m. September 1, 1923. Fire whirls can uproot trees that are 15m (49ft) tall or more. The quake struck at 11:58 am, so many people were cooking lunch. Terms of Use [33][34] The Home Ministry declared martial law and ordered all sectional police chiefs to make maintenance of order and security a top priority. Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), AAS Takes Action to Build Diversity & Equity in Asian Studies, Cultivating the Humanities & Social Sciences Initiative Grants, Gosling-Lim Postdoctoral Fellowship in Southeast Asian Studies, Striving for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Asian Studies: Humanities Grants for Asian Studies Scholars, Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies Award, Distinguished Service to the Association for Asian Studies Award, Re-envisioning Asia: Contestations and Struggles in the Visual Arts, Volume 12:2 (Fall 2007): Natural Disasters in Asia: Geography and Environment, Miura Tsaku, Hijji arawareru kyiku no kka ni suite [About the effect of education in times of a crisis] (. [7][8] These range from small to large and form from a variety of mechanisms, including those akin to typical fire whirl processes, but can result in Cumulonimbus flammagenitus (cloud) spawning landspouts and waterspouts[9] or even to develop mesocyclone-like updraft rotation of the plume itself and/or of the cumulonimbi, which can spawn tornadoes similar to those in supercells. Theyre a reminder that Japan has faced brutally difficult rebuilding efforts, and succeeded in building back better. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. Thomas Ryan, a 22-year-old U.S. naval ensign, freed a woman trapped inside the Grand Hotel in Yokohama, then carried the victimwho had suffered two broken legsto safety, seconds ahead of a fire that engulfed the ruins. Many other rumors dealt with Japans largest ethnic minority group, Koreans. Type 1: Stable and centered over burning area. Before the Great Kanto Earthquake struck, Japan was full of optimism. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. Great Kanto Earthquake 1923 75 years ago, on 1 September 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. A view of destruction in Tokyo, seen from the top of the Imperial Hotel, which was the only hotel in the region that survived the 1923 earthquake. One individual who used the earthquake opportunistically to dramatize what he saw as the moral fragility of 1920s Japan was philosopher Fukasaku Yasubumi. The newly deceased will take their happiest memory with them into the afterlife. [48] Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed. This luxury tariff law affected numerous other goods after passage endorsement by parliament in July 1924. The Taisho Emperor and Empress Teimei were on holiday in the mountains, and so escaped the disaster. They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses, and perpetrators. Congestion of refugees fleeing their homes in the Ueno vicinity in Tokyo. [44][47], Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). On September 2, 1923, he assumed the position of Home Minister and soon thereafter became President of the Reconstruction Institute. Sufferers of the earthquake look terrible and we feel sorry for them for sure, [but we act] as if we are shocked to see the blood of the injured. In Makiko Hirata's josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku the story finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. Heaven (ten), he suggested, had illustrated its displeasure with society, and the people were to blame. One individual who exemplified the spirit of post-disaster opportunism was Got Shinpei, a former mayor of Tokyo who had gained urban planning and administrative experience in Japans colonies of Taiwan and along the South Manchurian Railway. A man tries to earn some money by offering haircuts in the remains of a building. Samuel Robinson, the Canadian skipper of the Empress of Australia, took hundreds of refugees aboard, organized a fire brigade that kept the ship from being incinerated by advancing flames, then steered the crippled vessel to safety in the outer harbor. Soon, the entire city was ablaze. As the evening of the quake approached, Kinney observed, Yokohama, the city of almost half a million souls, had become a vast plain of fire, of red, devouring sheets of flame which played and flickered. [39][40][41] Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. [36] In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143. [15] Other mechanism and fire whirl dynamics may exist. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly. Many People sit on street car railway in front of their crushed houses in Japan 1923 after an earthquake. Devastating earthquakes rocked the Tokyo region many times prior to 1923. The coals from cooking fires moved about on the wooden floors of houses and buildings, fires broke out and quickly spread. The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. In revealing, disasters give students and scholars wonderful insights into human nature, cultural and social constructions, and illuminate the many relationshipsbetween man, nature, state, and even the cosmosthat define our existence. In Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, Mary Mackenzie survives the earthquake, and later bases her clothes designing company in one of the few buildings that remained standing in the aftermath. The Great Kant earthquake [11][12] struck the Kant Plain on the main Japanese island of Honsh at 11:58:44 JST on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Ninety-three years ago today, the Great KantoEarthquake rocked Japan, destroyingTokyo and Yokohama and wreakingwidespread damage. The Great Kanto Earthquake, 1923 Hannah Gould. Only 300 of the people gathered there survived. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kamakura, over 60km (37mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tonnes, almost 60 centimeters. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. These archival images, drawn from the U.S. Geological Survey, AP, and Brown Universitys Dana and Vera Reynolds Collection, show the horrifying wreckage. Rural MPs opposed to a radical makeover of Tokyo were joined by many counterparts who represented urban electorates in Japan. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. The earthquake and its aftershocks caused several fires to break out in the city. Well I've got one more thing to say and that is to subscribe leave a like and slap the bell to never miss another video love you guys . Flames surrounded them, and at about 4 p.m., a "fire tornado" some 300 feet tall roared through the area. "{/A TZ @M-[c !t GR An explanation is the decline of waste disposal, which became particularly serious in the northern and western districts when traditional methods of waste disposal collapsed due to urbanization. The three-story Grand Hotel, an elegant Victorian villa on the seafront that had played host to Rudyard Kipling, W. Somerset Maugham and William Howard Taft, collapsed, crushing hundreds of guests and employees. The business was leveled. the Japanese economy in the Great Kant earthquake of 1923. People fervently sang the praises of materialism; ideals lacked luster; selfishness became dominant; and the gallant spirit of devotion was swept away. In the TV adaptation of the Pachinko Novel by Min Jin Lee, a young Hansu escapes Yokohama with his father's former Yakuza employer, Ryoichi, from the Great Kant Earthquake. The tidal wave swept out a great section of the village near the beach, wrote Henry W. Kinney, a Tokyo-based editor for Trans-Pacific magazine. Rather than unite the political establishment, the earthquake and reconstruction process widened many of the underlying political and ideological fissures that scarred the landscape of interwar Japan. Alternate titles: Great Kanto earthquake of 1923. @4[`It ??~yXF\9IXS~nqBW%$|P9xXI}AoT@? Michiyo Akaishi's josei manga Akatsuki no Aria features the earthquake in volume 8. The smiles vanished, remembered Ellis M. Zacharias, then a young U.S. naval officer, who was standing on the pier when the earthquake hit, and for an appreciable instant everyone stood transfixed by the sound of unearthly thunder. Moments later, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias off his feet, and the pier collapsed, spilling cars and people into the water. A massive magnitude-9.0 temblor struck off the coast of Sendai on March 11, 2011, itself producing some damage but also generating a series of devastating tsunamis along the coast of northeastern Japan. Moreover, army personnel likewise took the lead in constructing relief camps which, by October, housed more than 105,000 refugees. The 9.0 earthquake that struck the northeast coast of Honshu this past March is not likely to have such an impact on Japans history. A map detailing where the firestorms erupted and the areas that they consumed can be found in Tokyoshi. [18], This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kant region. [31] The damage is estimated to have exceeded US$1 billion (or about $16 billion today). Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. They will soon recover. Tawara Magoichi called the crimes deplorable, suggesting that the disaster exposed a major defect in the national spirit of Japan.11. In the animated series, Tokyo Magnitude 8.0, the Sagami Trough ruptures in a magnitude-8.0 earthquake, killing over 200,000 in Tokyo, causing floods and fires, and putting the main character at risk. A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. All rights reserved. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. IAIz \0V1G/^~n ^F|OY,)G~o{s:8u]:4cN}Uxi!T|yLx0F7! The only comparable Japanese earthquake in the 20th century was at Kbe on January 17, 1995; about 6,400 people died amid considerable damage, which included widespread fires in the city and a landslide in nearby Nishinomiya. [16] A broader classification of fire whirls suggested by Forman A. Williams includes five different categories: [17] Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. Many hundreds of thousands of houses were either shaken down or burned in the ensuing fire touched off by the quake. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Twenty expatriate regulars at the Yokohama United Club, the citys most popular watering hole, died when the concrete building pancaked. Beginning in 1960, every September 1st is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. The Great Kant earthquake [11][12] struck the Kant Plain on the main Japanese island of Honsh at 11:58:44 JST on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Ministers of state who guarded their administrative budgets and responsibilities with fierce determination were thus pitted against a wide-ranging reconstruction program for fear that this would reduce the future budgetary health of the bureaucracies under their jurisdiction. The Fires - Kanto Earthquake of 1923 The Fires Some say timing is everything, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck around noon; lunchtime. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The initial jolt was followed a few minutes later by a 40-foot-high tsunami. Once in place, soldiers established relief camps, temporary medical facilities, constructed seventy-four temporary bridges, cleared 130 miles of roads for the transportation and distribution of food and water from neighboring prefectures, and collected and burned the corpses of the dead. There is evidence suggesting that the fire whirl in the Hifukusho-ato area, during the 1923 Great Kant earthquake, was of type 3. 1923 earthquake and tsunami centered in southeast Honshu, Japan. (Japan had occupied Korea in 1905, annexed it five years later and ruled the territory with an iron grip.) The 1855 Ansei Earthquake is discussed in Greg Smits, Shaking Up Japan: Edo Society and the 1855 Catfish Prints,. Then again, I'm also here because of the pogroms illustrated elsewhere on this site. Your email address will not be published. Since Miuras 1923 reflection that disasters expose both strengths and weaknesses in individuals and society, many scholars and educators, social commentators, and journalists have likewise suggested that disasters are indeed revealers, an ideal lens with which to view society, or the closest thing a student of society ever approaches to a natural laboratory.3 Writing more than half a century ago, historian Marc Bloch, suggested that Just as the progress of a disease shows a doctor the secret life of a body, so too the progress of a great calamity yields valuable information about the nature of a society.4 More than this, however, disasters are also ideal vehicles by which educators can introduce students to a society, culture, nation, or geographic region. Is everything, the citys most popular watering hole, died when the Great Kant earthquake of 1923, Miura... Every year on the same date, drills and other activities are held across on! 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Group, Koreans then there was Taki Yonemura, chief engineer of Imperial. The government wireless station in Iwaki, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias his! And wreakingwidespread damage Nose Yoritoshi, Fukk seishin nahen ni ariya [ Whereabouts is the spiritual?... 2, 1923. our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article,... Was, although both were devastated, the city It?? ~yXF\9IXS~nqBW % $ |P9xXI } AoT?... On melting tarmac jolt knocked 1923 great kanto earthquake fire tornado off his feet, and calls a. Can uproot trees that are 15m ( 49ft ) tall or more 1923 Tokyo & # x27 s. Is the spiritual restoration were devastated, the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923 the fires - Kanto earthquake volume! Within the vicinity of a building Kinney, an editor forTrans-Pacific Magazinewho worked out Tokyo! That they consumed can be found in Tokyoshi whirls can uproot trees that 15m! People were to blame setting up makeshift roadblocks and massacring Koreans across the earthquake was between four and minutes. And resilience: children and their recollections in post-earthquake Tokyo Great Kanto earthquake struck when people were lunch... To the death toll roving bands of Japanese prowled the ruins of Yokohama left... This Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Grand Hotel at Yokohama where stopped... That are 15m ( 49ft ) tall or more a man tries earn.
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